Gita Metaphors 2 – Wind 1 – A Boat Amidst a Storm
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The Gita uses the metaphor of the wind for the first time in its second chapter (02.67): Just as a wind can sweep away a boat on water, so too can even one of the roaming senses on which the mind focuses sweep away the intelligence. Gita 02.55-72 is a response to Arjuna’s question in 2.54 about the characteristics of the enlightened. In his answer Krishna states that one of their essential characteristics is their sense-control. While describing this characteristic of the seers, he as a bonus also gives some guidelines about how we seekers can control our senses – which is the point that this metaphor makes by illustrating the converse: how the senses can take control of us and lead us astray.

The specific points of comparison, though, require some thought to figure out. Just as the boat is swept away, so, it might be inferred, are we swept away. However, the verse compares the boat not to us, but to our intelligence. This is a subtle but significant difference, a difference that underscores the critical role of our intelligence. In our confrontation with sensual temptation, our intelligence is our last line of defense, as has been hinted at four verses earlier (02.63): while describing the sequence of how we fall for sense objects, the Gita mentions that the second-last thing to fall is the intelligence – once our intelligence falls, we too fall. So, given that our and our intelligence’s fate are usually tied together, at least with respect to the challenge of controlling the senses, the Gita (02.67) comparison of the boat with our intelligence can be extended to included our intelligence and us. That is, just as a boat is swept away, our intelligence and we are swept away.

What the Gita compares the wind to is not explicit in the verse. But it can be inferred from the context. The wind is compared to the material desire that is generated when the mind focuses on any of the roaming senses. The implicitness of the object of comparison points to the process for protecting ourselves. We may not be able to control the wind that starts flowing in a water body, but we can control desire from blowing forcefully, like a wind, in our consciousness. How? By carefully refusing to focus on the roaming senses. We can best prevent our senses from roaming by keeping ourselves absorbed in constructive activity, or we can at least be alert enough to avoid focusing when any of the senses perceives an alluring sense object. Just as the wind can come from any direction on a water body, so too can the wind of desire, which we could call alliteratively the gust of lust, come from any of the senses into our consciousness.

Extending the analogy, just as a boat in a water body is always vulnerable to storms so too are we always vulnerable while in material existence, which is also often compared to a water body, an ocean. In fact, […]

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CC daily 181 – 6.269 – Wanting to merge in the personal absolute is a colossal self-deprivation
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Bhagavatam-daily 283 – 11.13.16 – Inspiration can’t be extracted by law or blood
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Gita 13.26 – Hearing is foundational to the topmost yoga
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Lust brings out our lower side – love, our higher side
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CC daily 180 – 6.267-68 – Focus on internalizing conviction not parroting denunciation
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Bhagavatam-daily 282 – 11.13.15 – The Kumaras are exalted souls eminently qualified for enlightenment
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Bhagavatam-daily 281 – 11.13.14 – The purpose of yoga is to help the mind find rest in Krishna
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CC daily 177 – 6.263 – When compared to devotion, liberation is deprivation
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CC daily 176 – 6.262 – Action contrary to expectation provokes question of intention
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Brahma Samhita 5.44 – Cultivate a Krishna-centered, not self-centered, vision of nature
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Bhagavatam 1.8.21 – Kunti meditates on increasingly intimate manifestations of the Lord
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Gita 18.61 – Krishna doesn’t cause our worldly wandering – he frees us from the cause of that wandering
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Gita 09.02 – The most powerful knowledge brings about the most auspicious destruction
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Bhagavad Gita Metaphors 1 – Introduction
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The Bhagavad-gita is, as indicated by its name The Song of God, a song. So, it is a literary work and it uses many literary devices, as befit a work of its genre. Yet its literary side often remains under-appreciated because we usually focus on its content – its philosophical message – not its style; and also because we may not be familiar enough with its language, Sanskrit, to appreciate its literary merits.

Some of its more striking literary devices are: its use of full-word alliterations as in 02.14: the word purusha in purusham purusharshabha; or its use of chiasmus (inversion of word order) in 07.12: na tv aham teshu te mayi “They (the modes) are in me, but I am not in them”; or in 09.29: mayi te teshu capy aham “I am in them (my devotees) and they are in me.”

As the above examples of chiasmus may illustrate, many devices require some literary background – something that most readers may not have and may not even want to have, being interested more in the Gita’s philosophical message. So while exploring the Gita from a literary perspective, I will focus on metaphor, the device that directly assists in conveying the Gita’s message and doesn’t require any literary background. Appreciating the importance of metaphors, the Greek philosopher Aristotle stated in his book on literary theory, Poetics: “The greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor. This alone cannot be imparted by another; it is the mark of genius, for to make good metaphors implies an eye for resemblance.” Incidentally, Poetics is considered one of the oldest extant books on literary theory; so, its quote about metaphors conveys the enduring appeal of this literary device.

The Bhagavad-gita uses metaphors frequently and aptly, thereby adding color and force to its message. For each metaphor, I provide a brief explanation – something that can be read in a few minutes. Many of the Gita’s erudite commentators have illumined its metaphors in their commentaries and I have drawn from their insights. But to keep each reflection short and to prevent the presentation from becoming too technical, I won’t explicitly quote the commentators too much.

While this presentation will serve as a refresher for Gita connoisseurs, I hope that even those without any background in the Gita will find it accessible. Though these metaphors occur within the Gita’s flow, they can usually be studied independent of their specific context because they talk about universal truths of life that we all can find illuminating and empowering. In fact, I hope that these brief reflections will give readers a glimpse of the profundity and the relevance of the Gita’s wisdom, and inspires them to dive deeper into it.

As is often done while referring to literary devices as a broad genre, I use the word metaphor inclusively to refer to all the three literary devices used for explanation through comparison: analogies, metaphors and similes.

Analogies take the form: As A is to B, so C is to D. Consider, as an example, this […]

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Gita 02.52 – Take the intelligence beyond the illusion of knowledge
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Gita 03.41 – Alluring sense objects are the trigger, not the cause, of lust
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Bhagavatam-daily 280 – 11.13.13 – Connect regularly with transcendence to prevent sliding into ignorance
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CC daily 175 – 6.261 – Accepting responsibility for our misery opens our heart to mercy
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Gita 13.27 – Let sensory perception stimulate spiritual contemplation
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Gita 04.35 – Focus on the knowledge that fulfills the purpose of knowledge
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Bhagavatam-daily 279 – 11.13.12 – We may be contaminated by the modes, but we dont have to be controlled by them
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Bhagavatam-daily 278 – 11.13.11 – Awareness of consequence without alteration of lifestyle is non-transformational
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Gita 16.10 – Differentiate between kama as an enemy and kama as a purusha-artha
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Gita 18.73 – Harmony with the Supreme is the sure sign of enlightenment
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Gita 02.72 – Spiritual connectedness can provide peace even amidst violence
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CC daily 174 – 6.260 – The tradition had robust mechanisms for preserving accuracy in scriptural transmission
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Gita 16.17 – Devotion is a matter of inner intention, not outer ostentation
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Gita 14.01 – The Gita’s jnana section higlights its bhakti essence
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Gita 18.35 – Expecting the worst of everything is ignorant, not transcendent
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CC daily 173 – 6.257 – To appreciate a devotional rags-to-riches story, understand what the rags and riches are
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Bhagavatam-daily 277 – 11.13.10 – The mind’s oscillation keeps us in illusion
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CC daily 173 – 6.259 – Diving deep into scripture is the life of transcendentalists
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Brahma Samhita meditation 2 – Krishna is not just the greatest in a hierarchy but the greatest beyond any hierarchy
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The quest for fame deconstructed and redirected
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Bhagavatam-daily 276 – 11.13.9 – To think we are what we are not is our foundational illuson
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CC daily 172 – 6.256 – The glorifier of the supremely glorious also becomes glorious
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Fatalism or pragmatism? (Ramayana reflections 3)
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Indian thought is sometimes deemed fatalistic, as holding that everything is destined by past karma, thereby leaving little room for human initiative. While Indian literature is filled with diverse thoughts – some of which may be fatalistic – the bhakti literature, which is among the most influential Indian literature, offers a far more nuanced and empowering outlook to life.

Ancient echoes of modern concerns

The Ramayana features an emotionally and intellectually riveting conversation about the interplay of destiny and human initiative. This conversation occurred at one of the epic’s defining moments: the moment when Rama, who was about to be crowned as prince regent, was instead sentenced to forest exile for fourteen years.

While Rama gracefully accepted the exile as the will of destiny, his faithful younger brother Lakshmana was outraged by the injustice and called for rebellion. Rama calmly responded that he considered his exile the will of destiny and so intended to accept it. He said that nothing else could explain how his stepmother Kaikeyi who had loved him like her own son and whom he had served like his own mother had suddenly become so malevolent towards him. Rama hadn’t done anything to offend Kaikeyi and certainly didn’t deserve to be exiled. Yet his exile was the boon that Kaikeyi had extorted from her husband, the monarch Dasharatha. Rama deemed obedience to his father his duty – a duty that he intended to follow unflinchingly.

If some of us find Rama’s deference to destiny too docile, we may be intrigued to know that so did Lakshmana. Rather than ascribe Rama’s exile to destiny, he sought to lay the blame on the human actors involved: Kaikeyi’s scheming and, more importantly, the king’s complicity. He alleged that the king had become infatuated with his beautiful wife and so had abandoned his duty to protect his own son. To Rama’s deference to destiny, the incensed Lakshmana countered that only the impotent accepted injustice passively as the will of destiny; the strong fought injustice to protect their rights – and the kingdom was Rama’s right. Lakshmana’s arguments may make us feel that his is an intriguingly modern voice railing against the fatalism prevailing in those times.

Seeing through the stereotype of fatalism

Significantly, Rama was not fatalistic, as was evident from his dynamic response to other adversities such as the abduction of his wife Sita. He didn’t passively accept her abduction as an act of destiny. When she was abducted, he had no guards, servants or royal resources for finding her. He could well have seen his destitute condition as the arrangement of destiny and passively accepted Sita’s abduction. But the thought of such passivity didn’t even cross his mind.

To the contrary, he always discharged his duty of protecting her actively, even proactively. Throughout their stay in the forest, he always ensured that either he or his brother were at hand to protect Sita. And the moment he discovered that she was missing and found signs of a scuffle that pointed to her abduction, he immediately […]

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Bhagavatam-daily 275 – 11.13.8 – Illusion makes us to stick to the source of suffering
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Gita 06.26 – Overcome discouragement with the inner light and the inner map
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